SCIENTISTS are speaking with renewed urgency, reminding us that the Earth is approaching a critical threshold, with evidence suggesting sustained global warming at or beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius, the limit set by the Paris Agreement.

Research recently published in scientific journal Nature Climate Change indicates that record temperatures in 2024 could mark the beginning of a prolonged period near or above this threshold. While natural variability, such as El Niño events, can cause temporary spikes, the driver remains human activity: continued reliance on fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial practices resulting in greater GHG emissions.

These emissions have pushed CO2 levels to new highs, even as international climate conferences like COP29 reiterate commitments to reduce them.

The effects of surpassing 1.5°C are observable. Heatwaves, floods, and wildfires are now more frequent and severe.

Pakistan, responsible for less than one per cent of global emissions, faces recurring monsoon floods that devastate agriculture and infrastructure, highlighting disparities in climate vulnerability. Extreme heat, linked to scores of deaths annually, disproportionately affects regions with limited healthcare and resources. Climaterelated displacement is rising, with the bulk of weather-driven disasters tied to floods, storms, or droughts.

Progress to mitigate this trajectory remains uneven. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change outlines feasible pathways to limit warming, including peaking emissions by 2025 and halving them by 2030. Renewable energy adoption has accelerated, with solar and wind becoming cost-competitive with fossil fuels. However, global emissions continue to climb. Coal still dominates Asia`s energy grids, Europe continues to rely on liquefied natural gas for energy security, and US climate policy remains inconsistent.

Climate finance, long pledged by wealthy nations, trickles to the most vulnerable countries at a pace so slow it might as well be a standstill. Often it arrives entangled in rules that make it nearly impossible for struggling nations to use it quickly or effectively.

Structural challenges persist. Some governments prioritise short-term economic stability over rapid decarbonisation. The growing anti-ESG sentiment in parts of North America is an example of this trend.

Financial institutions that once championed net-zero goals have been retreating from climate alliances of late, while fossil fuel subsidies stay the course. Meanwhile, doom loops, such as permafrost thaw and ice sheet loss, threaten to amplify warm-ing beyond human control.

The scientific consensus emphasises that exceeding 1.5°C does not equate to immediate collapse but introduces the possibility of escalating risks. Coral reef degradation, coastal flooding, and agricultural instability will intensify with each fractional degree, and the difference between 1.5°C and 2°C could well determine the survival of ecosystems supporting millions. Even slight temperature increases push critical thresholds closer, accelerating habitat loss, food insecurity, and extreme weather.

The path forward requires systemic shifts:phasingoutfossilfuels,0verhauling energy infrastructure, and delivering climate finance without delay. Vulnerable nations need direct access to funds for adaptation projects, such as flood defences and drought-resistant crops. Wealthier countries face ethical and practical imperatives to lead and assist this transition.

Technologies exist to reduce emissions, and public support for climate action is growing. However, current policies andin y e s t m e n t s remain misaligned with scientific recommendations. The gap between pledges and implementation calls for enforce-able accountability mechanisms in trade, finance, and governance to ensure commitments translate to results. Without binding regulations and meaningful enforcement, climate promises risk be coming little more than public relations exercises.

The climate crisis is a test of global coordination and prioritisation. The line we drew in the sand at 1.5°C is getting washed away as the tide of global warming rises fast. Yes, we may still have a chance to pull back from the brink, but the road there demands a swift pivot to renewable energy, an overhaul of economic structures that reward fossil fuel dependence, and a global financial architecture that doesn`t treat climate funding like a halfhearted afterthought. Above all, the people hit first and worst like in Pakistan need more than sympathy; they need actual resources, delivered without delay or political hedging. Whether we can muster that collective will remains an open question, but the planet is sending us its answers in no uncertain terms. • The wnter is a joumalist covering energy transition, emissions markets, and climate finance.

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