THE deployment of American supersonic tactical ballistic missiles in Ukraine against Russia, and then the British approvalregarding the usage of air-launched cruise missiles represent a significant step up on Herman Kahn`s escalation ladder, a framework designed to analyse the intensification of conflicts.

This heightened military involvement has brought the conflict into a dangerously precarious phase. With United States President Joe Biden authorising the move just months before the return of Donald Trump to the White House, who has himself been advocating a `swift end` to the war, the situation will likely become increasingly complex in the near future. Analysts warn that the lilcelihood of a thermonuclear confrontation has risen sharply, raising urgent questions about the objectives behind such escalations.

Hans Morgenthau, a pioneer of the realist theory of international relations, warned of the dangers of `unlimited imperialism`, where states relentlessly pursue power, often leading to destructive outcomes. His seminal work, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, published in 1948, serves as a reminder of how unchecked competition for dominance can spiral into global chaos.

Echoing these concerns, historical parallels can be drawn back to 1939 when Adolf Hitler`s invasion of Poland in September of that year drove the Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, marking the beginning of World War IL Over the following six years, the conflict took more lives and destroyed more land and property around the globe than any other war. The lack of contemporary leadership experienced in managinga global war exacerbates the risks today.

Strategists like Zbigniew Brzezinski and Sir Halford Mackinder offer additional context. While Brzezinski`s The Grand Chessboard theorised a strategy to fracture Russia in order to exploit its resources, Mackinder`s geopolitical theory emphasised control over Eastern Europe as pivotal to dominating the `Heartland`. These frameworks may illuminate the long-term objectives of current escalations, though they surely have devastating implications for the smaller nations, like Pakistan. With its economy teetering, Pakistan is particularly vulnerable to the aftershocl(s of a broader conflict, especially if tensions in the Middle East escalate further.

Chinese President Xi Jinping`s statement on `great changes unseen in 100 years` resonates in this context.

Surviving such transformative and potentially catastrophic global shifts will require unity within and among nations.

It is prudent for countries, corporations and individuals to proactively prepare for the cascading economic and social impacts that large-scale conflicts can trigger.

History demonstrates that such crises often lead to immense disorder and chaos, disrupting global systems, supply chains and societal structures. Taking steps to mitigate risks and build resilience is essentialtonavigate the potential aftermath of such destabilising events.

Adil HanifGodil London, UK