LAHORE: Air pollution in Lahore worsened further on Monday, with the city’s Air Quality Index (AQI) crossing 530 and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations climbing to 343 micrograms per cubic metre.
Several other cities in Punjab also recorded extremely high pollution levels as a severe winter smog crisis taking hold across the province, according to Swiss air qualitymonitoring platform IQAir.
At 8am, IQAir recorded an AQI of 535 in Lahore, placing the city in the hazardous category.
Air quality had already deteriorated sharply in the early morning, with hourly readings also entering the hazardous range.
The deterioration was not confined to the provincial capital.
IQAir’s live ranking of Pakistani cities on Monday morning placed five Punjab cities among the country’s six most polluted urban centres.Gujranwala topped the ranking with an AQI of 606, followed by Lahore at509, Faisalabad and Multan at 310 each, and Sialkot at 260. Peshawar ranked sixth with an AQI of 216.
The readings varied across monitoring updates, with Gujranwala subsequently recording 675 and Lahore 535 in separate hourly updates, highlighting the rapidly changing pollution situation.
On Oct 29, Lahore was ranked the world’s most polluted major city by IQAir, with an AQI of 419.
The worsening air quality comes amid a sharp increase in agricultural fire detections across Punjab.
According to an analysis published by environmental monitoring website HamariHawa, Nasa satellites detected 13,241 fire spots in Pakistani Punjab between Oct 1 and 29, compared with 3,158 in Indian Punjab, or 4.2 times as many.
Around 92 per cent of the detected nres in Pakistani Punjab were located on farmland and were likely associated with crop-residue burning.
Weather factor Meanwhile, a new analysis by the Pakistan Air Quality Initiative (PAQI) has questioned the extent of improvement in Lahore’s air quality during October, despite government claims that the city experienced its cleanest October in five years.
According to PAQI, average PM2.5 concen-trations in October this year fell by 27pc compared with the same month last year across 26 monitoring sites.
However, after accounting for weather conditions, the improvement was estimated at just 4pc. The analysis attributed a substantial part of the decline to weather conditions, particularly a deeper nighttime atmospheric mixing layer, which allowed pollutants more room to disperse.
The remaining improvement reflected the combined effects of government measures, changes in agricultural burning and other pollution sources. However, the analysis could not establish the individual contribution of each factor.
Despite the decline, PM2.5 concentrations exceeded Pakistan’s prescribed daily limit on every day in October, according to PAQI.
The initiative’s forecast, issued on Nov 1, projected PM2.5 concentrations to rise to 149 micrograms per cubic metre by Nov 4 (Wednesday), around 49pc above October’s average.The findings offer a more cautious assessment of the improvement claimed by the provincial government.
Punjab Senior Minister Marriyum Aurangzeb had shared data with Dawn in October showing that Lahore’s average AQI stood at 180.5 during October 2026, compared with 204.6 in 2025, 213 in 2024 and approximately 193 to 195 in 2022 and 2023.
Her data showed that October 2026 was the only year among the five in which the city did not record an AQI above 300, with the highest reading standing at 262 on Oct 31.
However, PAQPs assessment underlines that the improvement was partly weatherdriven and that pollution remained above the national health standard throughout the month.
With November bringing a fresh deterioration in air quality, the latest readings and satellite fire detections highlight the continuing challenge of controlling agricultural burning and other sources of pollution across Punjab.